Chemical Beneficiation of Low Grade Coal - A Review

India is having large reserves of low grade coals. The use of low-grade coal in various industries like power plants, metallurgical plants, cement units etc. leads to environ-mental pollution because of generation of large amount of solid and gaseous pollutants. Therefore, it is of impor-tance paramount to clean the coal before its utilization. There are a number of upgrading technologies to produce clean coal. The current paper reviews demineralization aspects by physical and chemical beneficiation of high ash and/ sulfur containing coal.Physical beneficiation of coal is not very effective in separation of the finely dispersed minerals, whereas chemical beneficiation uses expensive reagents and leads to generation of large amount of waste-water which needs to be purified before discharge. Thus, a combined approach consisting of physical and chemical cleaning of coal appears to have a potential for. signifi-cant reduction of ash with less investment while generat-ing less polluting wastewater

Solvent Extraction and Separation of Trivalent Lanthanides Using Cyphos IL 104, a Novel Phosphonium Ionic Liquid as Extractant

Solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanides from chloride solution using a novel ionic liquid Cyphos IL 104 (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl) phosphinate or [R4PA]) has been investigated, while comparing the results with that of its precursors trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride [R4PCl or Cyphos IL 101], Cyanex 272 [HA] and their equimolar mixture. The results also indicate very high extractability of Cyphos IL 104 toward trivalent lanthanides. Unlike the conventional acidic extractants, extraction of trivalent lanthanides with Cyphos IL 104 increases the equilibrium pH of the aqueous phase due to the preferential extraction of acid over the lanthanide ions. Extraction mechanism has been established by studying the extraction of neodymium(III) with the ionic liquid as a function of the concentrations of Cyphos IL 104 and chloride ions. Separation studies of trivalent lanthanides from a mixed solution containing 1 × 10−4M each of La, Nd, Gd, and Lu with Cyphos IL 104 or Cyanex 272 indicate that Cyphos IL 104 is a better extractant in terms of extraction coefficient, but Cyanex 272 exhibits better selectivity toward heavier lanthanides. The prospects of stripping and regeneration of ionic liquid (Cyphos IL 104) have also been discussed in the present study

Developing software module for BP and BMEP parameters in IC Engine using VB.Net

This document reviews the history of free-piston internal combustion engines, from the air compressors and gas generators used in the mid-20th century through to recent free-piston hydraulic engines and linear electric generators. Unique features of the free-piston engine are presented and their effects on engine operation are discussed, along with potential advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional engines. The paper focuses mainly on developed engines where operational data has been reported. Finally, the potential of the free-piston engine is evaluated and the most promising designs identified. For different requirements different types of piston are made, but all that work has to do manually which is usually time consuming, complex in calculation, more chance of error occurs. For getting rid of this problem a software or execution of a program in a computer language such as in C, VB.Ne

Solvent extraction and separation of copper and zinc from a pickling solution

Solvent extraction studies of copper and zinc have been carried out using Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272 separately from a model brass pickle liquor. Various parameters for the extraction and separation of copper and zinc such as effect of pH, extractant concentration, phase ratio etc. have been optimized. It was observed that copper was almost completely extracted into the organic phase comprising of 30% Versatic 10 acid at the equilibrium pH of 5.0 using the phase ratio of 1:1 whereas, zinc extraction was noticed at above pH 5.0. On the other hand the pH0.5 values were 3.5 and 4.6 for zinc and copper respectively with 20% Cyanex 272. The difference in pH0.5 value of 1.10 indicated the possible separation of Zn and Cu. By McCabe Thiele diagram number of stages required for the counter current extraction of copper and zinc has been determined for both the solvents. The stripping study showed that 1 mol/L H2SO4 was sufficient to strip metal ions in a single contact from each of the extractant

Processing of a Waste Stream for Separation and Recovery of Copper and Zinc

Solvent extraction studies of copper and zinc have been carried out using Cyanex 272 and LIX 984N separately from a model waste stream of brass pickling. Various parameters for the extraction and separation of copper and zinc such as effect of pH, extractant concentration, phase ratio etc. have been optimized. The results show that extraction of copper and zinc from solution after acid extraction increased with increase in pH and their pH0.5 values were found to be 3.5 and 4.6, and 2.5 and 5.5 with Cyanex 272 and LIX 984N, respectively; LIX 984N showed greater selectivity for copper compared to zinc. By McCabe Thiele diagram number of stages required for the counter current extraction of copper and zinc has been determined for each of the solvents. The stripping study showed that 1 mol/L H2SO4 was sufficient to strip metal ions from both the extractants. An attempt was made to prepare high value products such as copper powder and zinc oxide from the loaded or stripped solution which could be imminently suitable for various P/M and other application

Convalescent plasma a tool to treat or a reason to retreat in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

For management of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, different therapeutic approaches are being given for mitigating symptoms that reduce hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay and decreasing the mortality. Convalescent plasma therapy is among one of the therapeutic approaches and to determine its effect on COVID-19, we aggregated patient outcome data from 8 randomized clinical trials (RCT). Studies published between 01 January 2020 to 28 February 2021 were identified via a thorough systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Medline and preprint platforms MedRxiv databases and data was analysed for its efficacy. Random-effects analyses of RCT demonstrated that COVID-19 patients who received convalescent plasma therapy along with standard of care showed a similar mortality rate when compared to patients receiving only standard of care treatments. Additional data showed that these data doesn’t provide evidence favoring the efficacy of human convalescent plasma as a therapeutic agent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Metabolomics for Plant Improvement: Status and Prospects

Post-genomics era has witnessed the development of cutting-edge technologies that have offered cost-efficient and high-throughput ways for molecular characterization of the function of a cell or organism. Large-scale metabolite profiling assays have allowed researchers to access the global data sets of metabolites and the corresponding metabolic pathways in an unprecedented way. Recent efforts in metabolomics have been directed to improve the quality along with a major focus on yield related traits. Importantly, an integration of metabolomics with other approaches such as quantitative genetics, transcriptomics and genetic modification has established its immense relevance to plant improvement. An effective combination of these modern approaches guides researchers to pinpoint the functional gene(s) and the characterization of massive metabolites, in order to prioritize the candidate genes for downstream analyses and ultimately, offering trait specific markers to improve commercially important traits. This in turn will improve the ability of a plant breeder by allowing him to make more informed decisions. Given this, the present review captures the significant leads gained in the past decade in the field of plant metabolomics accompanied by a brief discussion on the current contribution and the future scope of metabolomics to accelerate plant improvement

Extractive separation of La and Nd using Ionic Liquid as extractant

Significant amount of Rare Earth Metals (REMs) are used in magnets, batteries, tube lights, catalyst etc. due to their unique features. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a process which can extract and separate the individual REMs efficiently. The present investigation deals with the solvent extraction and separation of light rare earth elements such as La and Nd from the chloride medium using an ionic liquid(IL), [R3N+.Cy272-] as an extractant. Various parameters were investigated to optimize the condition for separating La(III) and Nd(III) of 10-4M concentration each. At pH 4.0, 90% Nd(III) and 20% La(III) were extracted from the chloride solution. The pH0.5 values for La(III) and Nd(III) were found to be 4.5 and 3.7 respectively. Extraction of La(III) and Nd(III) increased with the increase in IL concentration. At pH 4.5 and IL concentration of 0.01M separation factor (βNd/La) Nd(III) over La(III) was found to be 49. This shows that synthesized ionic liquid has sufficient potential to separate lighter lanthanides (e.g. La and Nd) from their mixed solutions generated during the processing of the REMs from primary or secondary resources

Double intra venous cannula versus single needle technique of aspiration and methylprednisolone injection in the treatment of wrist ganglion: a comparative study

Background: Ganglion is the one of the common soft tissue swellings in the hand and wrist. Treatment options available include reassurance, nonsurgical means like aspiration with or without steroid or hyaluronidase injection and surgical or arthroscopic excision. All current treatment options produce suboptimal results. This study endeavours to compare the outcome and recurrence rate and other complications after treatment of wrist ganglion by aspiration and methylprednisolone injection by double Intravenous cannula versus single needle technique.Methods: A prospective comparative clinical study was done with a total of 72 patients. 36 patients in group 1 were treated with double intravenous cannula technique and 36 patients in group 2 were treated with single needle technique. All the patients were followed up for 6 months to look for recurrence and any complication. The patient’s age, sex and various characteristics of the ganglion cyst like side, site, size, etc. were recorded.Results: In group 1, recurrence was seen in 6 patients (15.7%) while in group 2, recurrence were seen in 14 (38.8%) patients. There was statistical significant difference between the two groups with p value of 0.04. No complication was seen in both groups due to methylprednisolone injection.Conclusions: Inspired by the results we advise to use aspiration and methylprednisolone injection by double intravenous cannula technique in the treatment of wrist ganglion before any surgical intervention. It is safe, simple, cost effective method and is less invasive and less time consuming with recurrence rate comparable to surgical and arthroscopic interventions